
Article by Amabigleader
Type 2 diabetes, formerly called diabetes in the adult or insulin dependent diabetes, a chronic disease affecting how the body metabolizes glucose.
When type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to the effects of insulin – a hormone that regulates the movement of glucose into the cells – or the body does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose threshold. Untreated, type 2 diabetes can be life threatening.
Currently, there is no definite cure type 2 diabetes, but we can fully control and even prevent the disease. Begin with a healthy diet and regular exercise to maintain ideal weight. If diet and exercise are not enough to stabilize blood sugar, may need to take medication or insulin injections to control blood sugar
Symptoms
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may not be clear for many years and can not recognize.
Some common symptoms:
* Increased thirst and urination when blood sugar in the blood, this will be pulled out of the soft tissues and cause irritation, resulting in more patients to drink water and will urinate more than usual * Hunger: Not enough insulin, sugar is not in the cells, muscles and organs in the body will be hungry energy. Cause hunger * Weight loss: Despite eating more than usual to relieve hunger, but patients still lose weight because the cells can not use glucose for energy, while the body use energy reserves to replace: muscle and fat. * Fatigue: When energy-hungry cells, patients become tired and irritable. * Blurred vision. If blood sugar is too high, fluid in the eyeball being pulled out, falling back to the eye. At that regulate the ability of the eye will be affected, causing symptoms of blurred vision. * Wound healing and recurrence of infection often Type 2 diabetes reduces the impact wound healing and reduce the body’s resistance against infectious diseases so often repeated. * Plate darker skin color Some patients with type 2 diabetes have dark spots on the folds of the body, usually in the armpit and neck. Such signals is known as black spines, which may be a sign of insulin resistance
Cause
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. Why is this happening do not know exactly, although overweight, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are important contributing factors.
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach. After eating, the pancreas to insulin in the blood. Once in the blood, insulin will act as the key to open the door way to allow cells, thereby lowering blood glucose in the blood.
Glucose – a simple sugar-a main energy source of cells to form muscle and other tissues. Glucose is created from two main sources: from food and from the liver. After food is digested, the sugar is absorbed into the blood. Normally, the road will enter the cell with the help of insulin.
The liver acts as the central reserve and insulin production. When insulin is lower in the blood (like when we went hungry for a while), liver glycogen is converted into glucose reserves to keep blood sugar levels within normal limits.
In type 2 diabetes, this process does not operate normally, instead of into cells, increased glucose in the blood. The reason the pancreas does not make enough insulin or cells become resistant to the action of insulin.
Risk Factors
Is still unclear why a person has diabetes, while others are not. But there are some factors that increase risk for diabetes, including:
* Overweight. Overweight is a primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Much adipose tissue will make the cells become resistant to insulin * Passive lifestyle. Physical inactivity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps control body weight, increased use of glucose for energy and help cells more sensitive to insulin (insulin work better to do) a family. If you have any close family members (parents, siblings) with diabetes will have type 2 diabetes risk for type 2 higher. * Race / ethnicity. Although do not know why but people from the race following at risk of type 2 diabetes than others, including the following ethnicities: African American, Spanish, Indian and Asian Americans. * Age. Risk of type 2 diabetes increases as age, particularly after age 45. May be due to older patients tend to be less physical activity, reduced muscle mass, and increased fuel. Even type 2 diabetes occurs more and more young patients. * Pre-diabetes. Pre-diabetes is a condition in blood sugar higher than normal but not high enough for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. If not treated, pre-diabetes tend to progress to type 2 diabetes. * Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. If women with diabetes in pregnancy, will increase the risk of type 2 diabetes later. If the woman had a baby> 4 kilograms also increased the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Complications
Type 2 diabetes easily overlooked, especially in the early stages when the patient will still see healthy. But diabetes affects many organs, including heart, blood vessels, eyes, nerves and kidneys. Blood sugar control will help prevent these complications.
Although complications from diabetes progression from in a long time but eventually can cause disability and even life-threatening thamm. Some of the complications include:
* Heart and blood vessel complications. Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease with angina, myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Print fact, theo to a 2007 study, the risk of stroke more than doubles within the first five years of being treated for type 2 diabetes. About 75 percent of people who have diabetes die of Some type of heart or blood vessel disease, theo to the American Heart Association. * Neurological complications (neuropathy). High blood sugar can damage the small blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish the nerves, especially in the legs. This damage causes the symptoms: stinging, such as tingling, numbness in legs, burning or pain usually starts from the toes, fingers and spreads up, if blood sugar is not well controlled can cause loss of all the sense in spending Damage the nerve fibers that control digestion can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, there can be erectile dysfunction. * Kidney Complications (Nephropathy). Tufts kidneys contain millions of tiny blood vessels functioning filtering waste from the body. Diabetes can damage the filter system. Could eventually lead to kidney failure or end-stage renal disease can not be recovered, then need dialysis or kidney transplant. * Eye complications. Diabetes can damage blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy Diabetes), which can lead to. Diabetes also increases the risk for other eye diseases such as cataracts and glaucoma. * Complications feet. Nerve damage in the legs and feet is reduced blood flow increased risk of foot complications. If not treated, the wound will become infected bumps. If the full damage deposit can be removed toes, foot or both feet to save the lives of patients. * Damage to the skin and mouth. Diabetes can make the skin susceptible to secondary infection or fungal infection. Gingivitis may occur * Osteoporosis. Diabetes can lower bone density than normal. increased risk of osteoporosis. * Alzheimer’s disease. Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia caused by blood vessels. Uncontrolled blood sugar increases the risk of this disease. One theory is that the vascular complications due to diabetes can cause dementia by blocking blood vessels to the brain and cause strokes. Another possibility is having too much insulin in the blood vessels leading to brain damage caused by inflammation or insulin deficiency in the brain was deprived of glucose by brain cells. * Hearing loss. Diabetes can cause hearing loss.
Diagnostic tests and
In June 2009, an international conference including experts of the Association of American Diabetes Association Diabetes Research and the European Union diabetes world has given tests for diabetes type 2 include:
* Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test. This blood test indicates average blood sugar of patients in 2-3 months. percent glucose measurements attached to hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. When blood sugar in the blood, hemoglobin binds more with more sugar. If Hb A1c> 6.5% on 2 separate samples proved diabetic patients. Results between 6 and 6.5% of patients may have pre-diabetes, high risk of diabetes.
If laboratory testing is not HbA1c or in some situations HbA1c testing will not exactly like pregnancy or abnormal forms of hemoglobin. Your doctor will consider appointment of other nghi65m to diagnose diabetes:
* Considering the random blood sugar. A blood sample taken at any time, regardless of time of last meal. Random blood glucose ? 200 mg / dL diagnosed diabetes. * Fasting glucose test. A blood sample taken after fasting overnight. Fasting glucose <100 mg / dL is normal. Fasting glucose from 100 to 125 mg / dL pre-diagnosis of diabetes. If fasting glucose ? 126 mg / dL, diabetes is diagnosed.
Glucose tolerance Test: To do this test, patients need to starve. Fasting blood sugar tested, then the patient will be given the sugar solution. Blood glucose was measured after 2 hours. If blood glucose at 2 hours after oral glucose solution> 200 mg / dL, diabetes diagnosis. If blood glucose 2 hours tu140 to 199 mg / dL, I guess glucose tolerance disorder, a form of pre-diabetes.
Diabetes Association of the United States recommends regular screening for type 2 diabetes in patients started on 45, especially if you are overweight. If the result is normal, repeat testing